The skin completely protects the body and is continuous with the membranes lining the body shape orifices. It protects the primary structures from injury and invasion by microbes.
Parasite infection.
Scabies
Superficial fungal infections.
Candidiasis
Superficial bacterial infections
Impetigo
Others
Acne
Psoriasis
Atopic dermatitis
Parasite infection.
Scabies
Scabies is a skin infection commonly found in school-going children.
It is produced by the burrowing action of a parasite insect mite in the epidermis.
It results in irritation and formation of vesicles, caves, and pustules.
Mode of transmission:-
Direct
Skin-to-skin contact with infected persons.
Indirect
Contact of infected person’s clothing and bed linen.
Papules and burrows may be present in the fingers’ spaces, the ulnar border of the hand, wrists, the ulnar border of the forearms, elbows, nipples, and breasts.
Animals scabies
Contact with an animal cat or dog
Nodular scabies: Develop into nodules
Causes Low socio-economic status.
Less personal hygiene
Overcrowded
Contact with infected persons and clothing and bleeding
Infectious disease transmitted from one person to another person.
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Itching as followed by skin lesion as papules and vesicles.
Gray or tortuous white thread like the line founds in older children between the fingers in the wrist and axillaries or buttocks folds.
Skin lesions are also found in the genital area of male and female breasts, knees, elbows, and ankles or may occur in any part of the body.
Diagnostic Evaluation
History collection
Physical examinations
Microscopic examination of the skin.
Biopsy
Identification of mite ova or its faces from a skin scraping
Management
It includes…
Application of Scabicide agent.
The commonly used scabicidal is 25% benzyl benzoate diluted in calamine or water.
In small children, it is applied all over the body from neck to toes after a preliminary bath and removed after 24 hours.
5% permethrin cream used for infants over two months and children.
It should be removed by bathing after 8 to 14 hours of application
Infected scabies should treat – info with suitable antimicrobial agents.
may give antihistaminic drugs if itching continues 2 to 3 weeks after the therapy.
Precaution
Should use Protective gloves during application.
After treatment, all clothing, linen, and towel should boiled, sun-dried, and ironed to kill all mites.
Should access Side effects for the therapy and necessary treatment to be given.
Complication
Acute nephritis
Break the skin surface
Superficial Fungal Infections
Fungal infection of the skin may found in many forms.
The common superficial fungal infections are candidiasis, dermatophytosis, and pityriasis.
Candidiasis
Candidiasis is a fungal poison caused by Candida Albicans that expected in early infancy.
The most common site of poison is the oral cavity and presents as verbal thrust.
Causes
Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy
Malnutrition
Prematurity
Diabetes mellitus
Immunodeficiency disorders
Hypoparathyroidism
Incubation period
2 to 5 days
Sign and symptoms
Pain
Discomfort
White plaques on the oral mucus membrane, gum, and the tongue
Difficulty in swallowing
Diarrhea
Sometimes whitish patches on the skin of the vaginal area.
Pain during urination, fever
Diagnostic Evaluation
History collection
Physical examination
Saliva test
Blood test
Microscopic examination
Management
Local application of nystatin, clotrimazole, amphotericin b, ketoconazole
Provide any antifungal agents suitable for children.
Precaution
Explain about to improve hygiene.
Application of local antifungal preparations should b demonstrated, especially oral suspension, apply the inner side of the mouth after feeding, and retain the medication as long as possible in the mouth.
Complication
Insomnia
Eczema
Excessive cold
High blood pressure
Dermatophytosis(Ringworm Infections)
It exercises fungi here in the soil.
It is also noun as Ringworm Infections.
Types
Tinea capitis
It is a fungal poison of the scalp due to micro sporum.
It founds in children between 3 To 10 years of age.
The lesions appear on the scalp as round seborrhoea-like patches with loss of hair and breakage of hair.
Tinea corpories
Fungal infection of glabrous skin usually due to micro sporum.
It present with multiple small red round patches studded with minute vesicles on any part of the body.
Tinea cruris
is the genitocrural region founds in obese male children?
Tineapedis
It is a superficial fungal poison of the skin of the foot, especially between the toes and the soles, due to eoidermophyton
Superficial Bacterial Infections
Impetigo
It is the most common bacterial skin poison characterized by the formation of vesicles, pustules, crusts.
Spared through contaminated clothes or another close contact
Incubation period
10 days
Signs & symptoms
Lymph gland enlargement.
Pink-red macules.
Bullous lesions may develop, commonly found on the face, axilla, and groin.
A red sore that quickly ruptures.
Itching, painless.
Diagnostic evaluation:-
History collection.
Physical examination
lab test
Management
Impetigo has done by gentle washing of affected area with soap and water thrice
A day and removal of crusts and removal of debris by normal saline or candy’s lotion.
Application of topical antibacterial and systemic antibiotics (cephalosporins, erythromycin) are essential.
Precaution
Should avoid Close contact with another child to prevent the spread of infection
Autoinoculation is controlling by frequent handwashing, short nails, daily soap water bathing, and regular laundry of contaminated towels, linen, and clothing.
Complications
Cellulitis
Osteomyelitis
Septic arthritis
Pneumonia
Septicemia
Other Skin Disorders
Acne
Psoriasis
Atopic dermatitis
Acne
Acne is an inflammatory skin disease manifested as pleomorphic eruption usually seen over the face, trunk, and rarely on arms, legs, and buttocks.
It is most commonly found in adolescence and rarely in childhood
There are several varieties of acne, such as acne vulgaris, steroid acne.
Causes
Commonly caused by
Staphylococcus epidemics.
Propionibacterium acnes
Too much oil or sebum production
Sign and symptoms
Lesions form on the face, neck, back, chest, shoulders
Facial flushing
Burning
Small cysts
Redness
Treatment
Anti-acne medicines(tretinoin)
Antibiotics
Apply the cream to dry clean skin
Precaution
Do not apply the cream to eyes, mouth, angle of the nose, and mucous membrane
Avoid frequent face wash (not more than three times)
Do not use skin preparations like aftershave, lotion, menthol
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic, noninfectious, recurrent erythematous inflammatory disorder involving keratin synthesis.
It is characterized by raised, reddened, round circumscribed plaques covered by silvery-white scales.
Causes of psoriasis
poisons ( such as strep throat and the common cold)
Weaken the immune system.
Stress
Certain medicines (such as beta-blockers for high blood pressure and drugs used to prevent malaria.)
Sign and symptoms
Lesions occur on the scalp, elbows, knees, genitalia.
Itching
Nails appear in yellow or brown discoloration.
Pustular lesions occur on palms and soles.
Treatment
Topical medicine forex;corticosteroid.
Photochemotherapy and ultraviolet light also use..
Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis is also known as infantile or childhood eczema
Causes of atopic dermatitis
Depressed cell-mediated immunity.
Elevated IgE levels
Increased histamine sensitivity
Sign and symptoms
Papule formation
Dryness and scaling of the extensor surfaces of the arms, wrists, and legs
Itching
Red, crusting rash appears
Management
Hydrates and lubricants apply daily to the skin to avoid excessive drying and cracking.
Allergens should be known and avoided
Wet soaks can do provided to the patient
should avoid Food allergens ex egg, cow’s milk, soy, wheat, nuts.
Antihistamine & antibiotics are prescribes
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