What is Ovarian Cyst?

Ovaries are the organs of the reproductive system of women. They are located in the lower abdomen on either side of the uterus. Women have two ovaries. The main function of the ovary is to produce eggs and hormones called estrogen and progesterone.

An ovarian cyst is a cyst formed in the ovary or ovary that is of a closed sac shape. Ovarian cysts are filled with fluid.

Most ovarian cysts present little or no discomfort and harmlessness, but some may cause a problem like rupturing, pain, bleeding, and that surgery is required.

An ovarian cyst is very common, particularly in women between the ages of 30 to 60.

Risk factor of ovarian cyst

Irregular menstrual cycle
Endometriosis
Increased upper body fat distribution
Infertility
Hypothyroidism
Breast cancer

Also see: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

Pathophysiology of ovarian cyst

During ovulation, the ovary produces a hormone.
This hormone makes the follicles (sacs containing immature eggs and fluid) grow and egg within it mature.
Once the egg is ready, the follicle rupture, and The egg is released.
Once the egg is released, the follicle change into a smaller sac called the Corpus luteum Ovarian
Cyst occurs as a result of the follicle not rupturing, the follicle not changing into its smaller size.
Ovarian cyst occurs as a result of the follicle not rupturing, the follicle not changing into its smaller size.
An ovarian cyst can be as peas, or larger than an orange.

You must read this article: All About Ovarian Cancer

Types of ovarian cyst

1. Functional cysts

There are two types of Functional cysts

Follicle cyst
Corpus luteum cyst

Follicle cyst

The formation of this cyst is during the ovulation when an egg released into the fallopian tube.
When follicles fail to rupture, it causes follicle cyst.
This cyst grows from 1.5 to 2 inches in diameter.

Corpus luteum cyst

When an egg released from the follicle, it produces the estrogen and progesterone hormones for the conception.
The fluid accumulates in the follicles, and it causes the corpus luteum to grow inside the cyst.

2. Hemorrhagic cyst

This type of cyst occurs when bleeding within a cyst. A symptom such as abdominal pain on one side of the body may be present.

3. Cystadenoma

A cystadenoma is a type of benign tumor that develops from ovarian tissue. They filled with mucosa type fluid material.
Cystadenoma becomes very large & 12 inches or more in diameter.

It has two types

Serous – cystadenoma filled within the watery fluid.
Mucinous – cystadenoma filled with thick & sticky material.

4. Dermoid cysts

This is also known as ovarian neoplasm and consists of skin-related issues such as teeth, hair, bones, and fluid-like cystadenomas.

It affects the younger women, and it may grow six inches in diameter.

5. Endometriosis cyst

When endometrium tissues grow inside the ovary, and it causes a fluid-filled cyst. It affects women during the reproductive year.

6. Polycystic ovaries

A condition in which follicles never erupt from ovaries.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with infertility, abdominal bleeding, the incidence of miscarriage and pregnancy-related complication

Sign & symptoms of ovarian cyst

Intense abdominal pain
Abdominal distension
Pelvic pain
Heavy menstruation
Increase facial hair
Weight gain
Severe menstrual cramp

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Diagnostic evaluation of ovarian cyst

Medical history
Physical examination
CT scan
MRI
Laparoscopy
Cancer Antigen 125

How to treat ovarian cyst

An ovarian cyst treated with pain reliever including NSAIDs usually best when taken at the first sign of the pain.
Acetaminophen
A warm bath or hot application applied to the pelvic area.
Limiting strenuous activity may reduce the risk of cyst rupture.

Surgical management

Functional cyst

Functional ovarian cyst typically disappears within 60 days within any treatment.
The doctor does require the women to return after two menstrual cycles to get a pelvic exam.
If the cyst is growing above two inches, then laparoscopic removal of a cyst is required.
If the cyst is still present and growing ( over 2 inches ), the doctor may recommend a laparoscopy to remove it.
If the cyst comes & goes, the doctor may prescribe birth control pills.
These pills reduce the hormone and prevent the formation of a large cyst.

Polycystic ovaries

A significant symptom of polycystic ovaries is infertility and whether the women are trying to conceive or not determine the treatment.
if the women are trying to conceive and have fertility problems, the doctor will prescribe Clomid, which stimulates ovulation

I have already covered Infertility in male and female in depth:

Endometrial cyst, Cystadenomas, and Dermoid cyst.

This treatment is to remove the cyst surgically. If the cyst is small enough, the doctor can remove it via laparoscopy.
If the cyst is over 2.5 inches in diameter, the available procedure is listed below:

Ovarian cystectomy – Removing the cyst without removing the ovary
Partial oophorectomy – Removal of the cyst and portion of the ovary
Salpingo – oophorectomy – Removal of the cyst, ovary & fallopian tube

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What Is Ovarian Cyst? | How To Treat Ovarian Cyst?